從句的翻譯
<!--[if !supportLists]-->（一） <!--[endif]-->名詞性從句的譯法1
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->主語從句
在翻譯由what, whatever, whoever, that, when, where, how, whether 等引導的主語從句，一般仍按照原文句子結構的前后順序。
Whoever fulfills his task first will lend a helping hand to others.
無論誰先完成自己的工作，都要去幫助別人。
由it 做形式主語的從句，
It is a fact that the USA has sent its fleet to all parts of the world.
美國已經把艦隊派往世界各地，這是事實。
2. 賓語從句
I have noticed that if you speak too slowly people may cut you off.
我注意到，如果你說得太慢，人們常會打斷你。
有it 做形式賓語，
They consider it a great compliment that the President should visit them.
他們認為總統訪問他們是莫大的榮幸。
3. 表語從句
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
問題在于我們能不能在明天晚上以前完成這項工作。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->同位語從句
中間用冒號，或即來連接
We can not deny the fact the Beijing , at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be.
我們不能否認這個事實： 北京目前并非一個讓我們滿意的綠色城市。
The scientists made an exciting discovering that this waste material could be turned into plastics.
科學家們有了一個令人振奮的發現，即可以把這種廢物變成塑料。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->（二） <!--[endif]-->定語從句的譯法
1.如果定語較短，可以放在被修飾詞之前，中間加的。
They are the engineers that designed the new- type machine.
他們就是設計這種新式機器的工程師。
2.如果定語長，可以后置，譯成并列分句。
The relations between China and the United States of American have been improved, which will contribute to world peace.
中美兩國關系已經得到改善，這將有利于世界和平。
3.一些定語在意義上與主句有狀語關系，說明原因，時間，地點，目的，讓步等
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.
雖然計算機有很多優點，但是他們不能進行創造性工作，也代替不了人。
The young reporter wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.
這個年輕的記者想寫一篇文章，以便引起公眾的注意。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->（三） <!--[endif]-->狀語從句
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Just as radar is to airplanes and ships, so eyes are to human body.
雷達對飛機和輪船就好像眼睛對于人的身體一樣。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->You can fly to London this evening providing you don’t mind changing planes in Paris.
假如你不介意在巴黎換飛機的話，今天晚上你就可以飛往倫敦。
練習
1.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[參考譯文]美國的經濟是以基本的私有企業和市場導向經濟為架構的，在這種經濟中，消費者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務付費來決定什么應該被制造出來。
2. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
[參考譯文]隨著家庭離開他們原來穩定的社區，離開他們多年的朋友和擴展的家庭關系，非正式的信息流動被切斷了，隨之而去的是對在需要時能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。
3.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[參考譯文]這種變化通過引入許多的專業因素從而適應了這個新時代的技術要求，并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創業者之后的第二代和第三代人(領導公司)的時候，經常會毀掉那些家族公司的財富。
. 4. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個人的對資金和產業的操縱極大地增加了股東的數量和他們作為一個階級的重要性，這是國家生活中代表不負責任的財富的一個因素，這種財富不但遠離了土地和土地擁有者的責任，而且幾乎同樣與公司的負責任的管理毫無關系。
5.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’sNorthern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
[參考譯文] 經過了六個月的爭論以及最后16個小時激烈的議會辯論，澳大利亞北部地區成了世界上第一個允許醫生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立法當局。
6. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[參考譯文]例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換來的就是這么個疾病滋生的水庫，現在這個水庫積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發電了。
7. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,
[參考譯文]企業重組的新方法--所有那些重新設計、縮小規模的做法--只是對一個經濟的整體生產力做出了一方面的貢獻。這種經濟還受許多其他因素的驅動，比如結合設備和機械上的投資、新技術，以及在教育和培訓上的投資。
8. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[參考譯文]他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術來克隆人類，并下令．不準聯邦政府基金用于做此類試驗--盡管還沒有人建議這么做--他還請一個以普林斯頓大學校長哈羅得?夏皮羅為首的獨立的專家組在90天內向白宮匯報關于制定有關克隆人的國家政策的建議。
9. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準備做什么、怎么做的科學家不應該因為必須一只眼盯著收銀機，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。
. 10.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當而且必須的--比如對于藥物相互作用的危險提出警告--許多警告還是按州或聯邦政府規定要求給出的，然而(我們)并不清楚，如果顧客受到傷害時，這些警告是不是確實可以使得生產者和銷售者豁免責任。
11. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
[參考譯文]戰后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導的勞動力市場使得青少年的發展機會變得極為有限，他們已經在不停地質疑為了爬上日本國內那通往優秀學校和體面工作的嚴酷的社會階梯而做出的巨大的個人犧牲。
12 . The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented, and policy makers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.
【譯文】 大量文獻證明，就業中存在著種族和性別歧視；政策的制定者和有責任心的雇主對黑人女職員的境遇特別敏感，因為，從理論上來說，她們遭受著雙重歧視。
13.Unlike his hero Theodore Roosevelt, who helped create the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) while in office, Nixon repeatedly backed away from opportunities to use the prestige of his office to have an influence in the world of sport, such as preventing the relocation of the Washington Senators baseball team to the Dallas Ft. Worth area. He did, however, attempt to use sport as venue to shape cultural values.
【譯文】西奧多·羅斯�？偨y是他崇拜的人物，在執政期間幫助創立了全國大學生體育協會。與羅斯福不一樣的是：尼克松多次拒絕利用總統威望來影響體育界的機會。但是，他的確想將體育運動當做樹立文化價值觀的手段。
14. Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10 fold as capital was substituted for labour.
【譯文】例如，美國在1940～1980期間玉米的畝產量增加了2倍，小麥和大豆增加了1倍；換算為現金計算，每工時的農業產量增加了近9倍。
15. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.
【譯文】在大學問題上，他們談話的焦點不是如何更有效地花錢，而是提高大學體制的效率，許多人感到這個體制效率非常低下，而且變得僵化。
16. Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.
【譯文】會議結束后，里奇和其他州長們更堅信：高等教育需要革新換面，也許應該重點提高效率，滿足新技術和變化的勞動力市場的要求。
17.Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.
【譯文】像我們的政治社會一樣，今天的大學正在受到嚴厲抨擊，而且理由也許相同，即：我們這個時代要做的事情已經大都完成，但是我們做得還不盡善盡美，而且，雖然我們做出了一些論斷，但我們也說了許多不正確的話。
18.At this moment of crisis in our nations history, thought has become more contemplative, prayerful, and spiritual. It may be the time to tell the entertainment industry that we want not a temporary pause in the flow of tastelessness, but a long-term cleanup.
【譯文】在目前我們國家歷史上這個危機時刻，人們在思想中反思、祈禱、冥想。也許是我們該告訴娛樂業的時候了：我們要的不是暫時停止制作那些低級趣味的東西，而是永遠清除它們。
