第六節 強 調  


一、一般強調結構

強調結構為: It is (was)…that…。
它可以用來強調句中的某些成分, 如主語(從句)、賓語(從句)、狀語(從句)等。
如強調主語或賓語, 則that可用who(指人), whom或which(指物)來代替;
如強調的是狀語, 則不能用when, where等代替, 只能用that。
注意, 強調結構不能用來強調謂語動詞和表語。  

It was my uncle that (who) sent me the parcel.
It is the article that (which) they discussed last week.
It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses.
It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago.

一、謂語動詞用do, does, did表示強調        

    在肯定句中, 可以用do強調謂語部分, 可謂為:“務必”、“一定”、“真的”、“確實”等。這時動詞要用原形。

    He does like to eat noodles.
    She did send me a postcark as I expected.


Exercises 6 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:

1. It was from the earlest time ___________ men began to study
    the natural phenomena and heavenly bodies.

      A. when                          B. where
      C. that                            D. how

2. It ___________ his father ___________ made him a lawyer.

      A. were…that                      B. was…that
      C. was…which                      D. is…which

3. What ___________ are you looking for？

      A. hell                            B. the hell
      C. a hell                          D. hells

4. He is ___________ honest because he often tells lies.

      A. anything but                    B. nothing but
      C. something but                  D. but anything

5. It is ___________ that should be given priority to.

      A. the government who decided
      B. what has the government decided
      C. only the government has decided

D. what the government has decided

6. ___________ , it is quite easy to drill a hole on it with laser.

      A. Hard although the diamond is
      B. Hard as the diamond is
      C. As the diamond is hard
      D. How hard is the diamond

7. it was ___________ it raised many difficult questions that
    the book took a long time to come out.

      A. since                                B. because
      C. after                                        D. when

8. It was the color of the material ___________ he was surprised at.

      A. who                            B. whom
      C. which                          D. what

9. It is ___________ he is determined.

      A. buying a new car that                B. to buy a new car that
      C. to buy a new car what                D. buying a new car which

10. It was not until he arrived at the railway station _________ he realized he had forgotten his ticket.

      A. before                        B. since
      C. when                        D. that

11. It was with great joy ___________ he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home.

      A. how                            B. because
      C. as                              D. that

12. It was Einstein ___________ wrote and published his famous theory relativity in 1965.

A. which                          B. whom
      C. what                            D. who

13. ___________ after the Second World War that test pilots first attempted to break the sound barrier.

      A. It was shortly                  B. There was shortly
      C. Was shortly                    D. Shortly

14. It ___________ only last year ___________ I made her acquaintance.

      A. was…which                    B. was…that
      C. was…whom                  D. is…that

15. ___________ that called this morning?

      A. Who was                        B. Who it was
      C. Who was him                    D. Who was it

第七節 一 致  


一致指句子成分之間或詞語之間在性、數等方面應保持一致。
主謂一致指謂語動詞與主語必須在人稱、性、數上保持一致。

在具體處理一致關系時可遵循以下三原則:語法一致、意義一致、就近一致。

一、集體名詞作主語時, 主語與謂語動詞的一致

如集體名詞在句中意指整體概念, 謂語動詞用單數形式;
如在句中意指其具體成員, 謂語動詞復數形式。

這類集體名詞包括:army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, couple, family, group, staff, team, public, cabinet, band等。

The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
One third of the population here are farmers.
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
The public now know the whole story.
The teaching staff of this college is/are excellent.這所大學的教師都是出類拔萃的

二、學科名稱和疾病名稱作主語時, 主語與謂語動詞的一致

某些學科名稱和疾病名稱雖是復數形式, 但這些詞作主語時,謂語動詞仍用單數形式。

這些詞包括: electronics(電子學), mechanics(力學),classics(古典文學), linguistics(語言學), economics(經濟學),statistics(統計學), physics(物理學), mathematics(數學)等。

Electronics is a piece of cake to him.
Qiantum mechanics(量子力學) supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those realms.

三、表示書名、報名、劇名、國名等的名詞或詞組作主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
表示書名、報名、劇名、國名等的名詞(或詞組)作主語時,如只指一種、一本或一個, 不論它形式上是單數還是復數,謂語動詞只用單數形式。

The adventrues of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American umorist Mark Twain.
The New York Times is not available here.
The United States was founded in 1776.

四、單復數同形的名詞作主語時, 主語與謂語動詞的一致

單復數同形的名詞作主語時, 要根據句子意思來確定謂語動詞的單復數形式,單復數同形的名詞包括: aircraft, deer, fish, sheep , means, species, series, works, crossroads headquarters等。

Various means of transport are introduced in this article.
There are already 137 species of butterflies known in the world today.
It is all a means to an end.這只是達到目的的一種手段。
The airline ordered 15 new aircraft.那家航空公司訂購了十五架新飛機。

五、表示時間、距離、度量、價值的復數名詞作主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致

這些復數名詞, 如表示抽象概念, 被視作一整體時,謂語動詞用單數形式;如表示具體的多少, 強調復數意義時,謂語動詞用復數形式。

Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.
Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.

六、由with, as well as等詞或詞組修飾的單數名詞作主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致.

如作主語的單數名詞后有下列詞或詞組修飾時, 謂語動詞仍用單數形式: with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, but等。

The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
A scientist, together with some assistants,was sent to help solve that problem.
The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.

Nobody but San and Ann is in the lab.

七、and連接的兩個名詞作主語時, 主語與謂語動詞的一致

一般情況下, and連接的兩個名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數形式。但有些情況下, and連接的兩個名詞意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念時,謂語動詞要用單數形式。通常, 如果兩個名詞只有一個限定詞或無限定詞修飾時,它們常常表示一個概念, 如果兩個名詞分別有兩個限定詞修飾時,它們往往表示兩個不同的概念。
另外, 如果and連接的兩個單數名詞均有each, every , many a,no等詞修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數形式。

War and peace is a constant theme in history.
The wear and tear on the machine is obvious.
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.
Every hour and every minute is vital to me now.
Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition.

八、連詞or等連接兩個名詞(或代詞)作主語時, 主語與謂語動詞的一致

連詞or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞必須和靠它較近的一個名詞或代詞取得一致, 這就是就近一致原則。

Either I or they are responsible for it.
Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
Not only he but also his amily members are interested in football match.